Thai National Parks

Species of Thailand

Finlayson's squirrel

Callosciurus finlaysonii

(Thomas Horsfield, 1823)

Finlayson's squirrel or the variable squirrel (Callosciurus finlaysonii, sometimes misspelled C. finlaysoni) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. The species occurs in a wide range of wooded habitats, including gardens and parks in cities like Bangkok. It was named in honour of the Scottish naturalist and traveller George Finlayson.

It has numerous subspecies that vary greatly in appearance. One of these, C. f. bocourti (syn. C. f. floweri), has been introduced to Singapore and two regions in Italy, probably a result of the species' popularity in the pet trade. It is possible that some of the Callosciurus squirrels introduced into Japan are also Finlayson's squirrels.

Finlayson's squirrel has also been introduced in the Philippines, particularly in the Greater Manila area where it is considered as an invasive species.

Taxonomy and appearance

The Finlayson's squirrel has a head-and-body length of about 21-22 cm and its tail is about 22-24 cm long.

There are currently 16 recognised subspecies. Additional subspecies are sometimes recognised. For example, some authorities recognise C. f. floweri, while others consider it a synonym of C. f. bocourti (as done in the following colour description). The subspecific name of C. f. boonsongi commemorates Thai zoologist and conservationist Boonsong Lekagul.

The pelage colour in this species is extremely variable and the subspecies are often defined by this feature. For example, C. f. finlaysonii (nominate) is overall whitish, C. f. albivexilli, C. f. boonsongi, C. f. germaini and C. f. nox are overall blackish (first with white tail-tip, second occasionally with white underside, face and feet), C. f. annellatus is overall rufous with a light band at the base of the tail, C. f. bocourti is whitish below with highly variable colour of the upperparts (whitish, grey, blackish, olive-brownish or reddish), C. f. cinnamomeus is overall reddish with a dark mid-back, C. f. ferrugineus is reddish-brown, C. f. harmandi has brownish upperparts, orange-red underparts and light grey tail, C. f. menamicus is reddish or orangish, often has greyish legs and flanks, and sometimes a white belly, and C. f. sinistralis has grizzled upperparts, reddish underparts and reddish tail with a pale band at the base. Unnamed populations also remain (for example, a population in central Laos is shiny black with red tail and shoulder/chest region) and even within described subspecies there are often some individual variations.

As currently defined, Finlayson's squirrel may comprise more than one species. C. f. ferrugineus has been treated as a separate species. A genetic study of the 12 subspecies in Thailand, including 7 from the mainland and 5 from islands, found that they belonged in six clades, which often were separated by water (large rivers in the mainland and the sea for the islands). The study also revealed that the mitochondrial DNA of this species compared to the closely related Pallas's squirrel is not monophyletic. A subsequent study recommended that, to maintain monophyletic species, flavimanus and griseimanus, which traditionally are recognized as being subspecies of Pallas's squirrel in southeastern Indochina (central and southern Vietnam, adjacent parts of Cambodia and southern Laos), should be considered part of Finlayson's squirrel. The study also found that flavimanus, as traditionally defined, actually consists of at least two clearly separate lineages, both part of Finlayson's squirrel.

Behavior

Like other squirrels of its genus (the "beautiful squirrels", Callosciurus), Finlayson's squirrel is normally a canopy-dweller, feeding mainly on fruit. Field evidence suggests that it has the usual form of dichromatic mammalian color vision, which may enable it to discriminate ripe from unripe fruits.

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Scientific classification

Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Rodentia
Family
Sciuridae
Genus
Callosciurus
Species
Callosciurus finlaysonii

Common names

  • English:
    • Finlayson's squirrel
    • Variable squirrel

Subspecies

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii albivexilli

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii annellatus

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii bocourti

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii boonsongi

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii cinnamomeus

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii ferrugineus

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii finlaysonii

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii folletti

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii frandseni

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii germaini

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii harmandi

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii menamicus

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii nox

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii sinistralis

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii trotteri

  • Callosciurus finlaysonii williamsoni

Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN3.1)

Least Concern (IUCN3.1)

Photos

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Finlayson's squirrel

Range Map

Distribution map of Finlayson's squirrel, Callosciurus finlaysonii in Thailand
  • Bang Lamung District, Chonburi
  • Bangkok Province
  • Chok Chai District, Nakhon Ratchasima
  • Doi Phu Kha National Park
  • Hang Dong District, Chiang Mai
  • Kaeng Khoi District, Saraburi
  • Kaeng Krachan National Park
  • Kham Thale So District, Nakhon Ratchasima
  • Khao Kradong Forest Park
  • Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Khao Yai National Park
  • Mueang Mukdahan District, Mukdahan
  • Mueang Nongbua Lamphu District, Nong Bua Lamphu
  • Nam Nao National Park
  • Nong Phai District, Phetchabun
  • Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima
  • Pak Thong Chai District, Nakhon Ratchasima
  • Pang Sida National Park
  • Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park
  • Phu Kradueng National Park
  • Sakaerat Environmental Research Station
  • Sam Roi Yot District, Prachuap Khiri Khan
  • Sung Noen District, Nakhon Ratchasima
  • Tat Mok National Park
  • Thung Salaeng Luang National Park
Range map of Callosciurus finlaysonii in Thailand