Thai National Parks

Species of Thailand

Helmeted hornbill

Rhinoplax vigil

Johann Reinhold Forster, 1781

In Thai: นกชนหิน

The helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) is a very large bird in the hornbill family. It is found on the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Thailand and Myanmar. The casque (helmetlike structure on the head) accounts for some 11% of its 3 kg weight. Unlike any other hornbill, the casque is almost solid, and is used in head-to-head combat among males. It is a belief among the Punan Bah that a large helmeted hornbill guards the river between life and death.

Description

It has mostly blackish plumage, except that the belly and legs are white and the tail is white with a black band near the tip of each feather. The tail is long and the two central tail feathers are much longer than the others, giving the bird a total length greater than that of any other hornbill species. The body length is 110 - 120 cm, not counting the tail feathers, which boost the length a further 50 cm. One male weighed 3.1 kg in weight while two females averaged about 2.7 kg. Although sometimes considered the largest Asian hornbill, they body weight appears to be similar to that of the great hornbill (and considerably less than the African ground hornbills).

This species has a bare, wrinkled throat patch, pale blue to greenish in females and red in males. The casque goes from the base of the bill halfway to the tip, where it ends abruptly. It and the bill are yellow; the red secretion of the preen gland covers the sides and top of the casque and the base of the bill, but often leaves the front end of the casque and the distal half of the bill yellow. Unlike other hornbills, the helmeted hornbill's casque is solid, and the skull including the casque and bill may constitute 10 percent of the bird's weight.

Call

The call is a series of loud, intermittent barbet-like hoots, sometimes double-toned and over two dozen in number, which gradually accelerates to culminate in a cackle reminiscent of laughter.

Habits

Helmeted hornbills mostly eat the fruit of strangler figs. The birds breed once a year, producing a single chick. Mother and chick live inside a sealed tree cavity for the first five months of the chick's life. Males fight over territory on the wing, ramming each other with their casques. Such encounters are called aerial jousting. Females accompany males during an approach in an aerial joust but veer off in opposite directions during the collision.

It may also use the casque as a weighted tool to dig into rotten wood and loose bark in search of insects and similar prey.

Status

After ongoing hunting pressure and habitat loss, the helmeted hornbill was uplisted from near threatened to critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2015. It is listed in Appendix I of CITES. According to the conservation group TRAFFIC, 2, 170 casques were confiscated in just three years in China and Indonesia alone. There are fewer than 100 birds remaining in Thai forests. At least 546 hornbill parts, mostly casques of helmeted hornbills, have been posted for sale on Thai Facebook in the past five years. Traders will pay villagers 5, 000-6, 000 baht (US$165–200) for a hornbill head. Prices double or triple in cities and increase exponentially when sold overseas.

Ivory casque

The casque is the source of hornbill ivory, a valuable carving material. Indigenous peoples also use the central tail feathers to decorate dancing cloaks and head-dresses. Historically, the casque was also used by carvers in China and Japan.

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Category / Seasonal Status

Wiki listed status (concerning Thai population): Critically endangered

BCST Category: Recorded in an apparently wild state within the last 50 years

BCST Seasonal status: Resident or presumed resident

Scientific classification

Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Aves
Order
Bucerotiformes
Family
Bucerotidae
Genus
Rhinoplax
Species
Rhinoplax vigil

Common names

  • Thai: นกชนหิน

Synonyms

  • Buceros vigil

Conservation status

Near Threatened (IUCN3.1)

Near Threatened (IUCN3.1)

Critically Endangered (IUCN3.1)

Critically Endangered (BirdLife)

Critically Endangered (IUCN3.1)

Critically Endangered (ONEP)

Critically Endangered (IUCN3.1)

Critically Endangered (BCST)

Photos

No photo for this species yet

Range Map

Distribution map of Helmeted hornbill, Rhinoplax vigil in Thailand
  • Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Kaeng Krachan National Park
  • Khao Luang National Park
  • Khao Sok National Park
  • Khlong Saeng Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Sri Phang-nga National Park
  • Thale Ban National Park
Range map of Rhinoplax vigil in Thailand